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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac operating systems</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mac OS" redirects here. For the now classic OS, formerly named that way, see <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of all Apple operating systems, see <a href="List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List of Apple operating systems</a>.</div>

<p>

<b>Mac operating systems</b> were developed by <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> in a succession of two major series.

</p><p>In 1984, Apple debuted the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> that is now known as the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> with its release of the <a href="System_1" title="System 1">original Macintosh System Software</a>. The system, rebranded Mac OS in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on <a href="Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clones</a> shortly in the 1990s. It was noted for its ease of use, and also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeaCulpa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeaCulpa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The current Mac operating system is <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>. It brought an entirely new architecture based on <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced, such as problems with memory management. The current macOS is pre-installed with every Mac and receives a major update annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the basis of Apple's current system software for its other devices – <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, and <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Prior to the introduction of Mac OS X, Apple experimented with several other concepts, releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems or vice versa, <a href="A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a>, <a href="Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a>, and <a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a>. Apple's effort to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects, <a href="Code_name" title="Code name">code named</a> <a href="Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a>, <a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a>, and <a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a>.

</p><p>Although the classic Mac OS and macOS (Mac OS X) have different architectures, they share a common set of <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> principles, including a <a href="Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a> across the top of the screen; the <a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> <a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a>, featuring a <a href="Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> that represents <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> using <a href="Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icons</a> and relates concepts like <a href="Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">directories</a> and <a href="File_deletion" title="File deletion">file deletion</a> to real-world objects like <a href="File_folder" title="File folder">folders</a> and a <a href="Trash_(computing)" title="Trash (computing)">trash can</a>; and overlapping <a href="Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a> for <a href="Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a>.

</p><p>Before the arrival of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple's history of operating systems began with its <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> computers in 1977, which run <a href="Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, <a href="ProDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ProDOS">ProDOS</a>, and <a href="GS/OS" class="mw-redirect" title="GS/OS">GS/OS</a>; the <a href="Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> in 1980 runs <a href="Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a>; and the <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> in 1983 which runs <a href="Lisa_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa OS">Lisa OS</a> and later <a href="MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks XL</a>, a Macintosh <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a>. Apple developed the <a href="Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a> for its <a href="Apple_Newton" title="Apple Newton">Newton</a> <a href="Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistant</a> from 1993 to 1997.

</p><p>Apple launched several new operating systems based on the core of <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>: <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> in 2007 for its <a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, and <a href="IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> <a href="Mobile_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile devices">mobile devices</a>, and in 2017 for its <a href="HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <a href="Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speakers</a>; <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> in 2015 for the <a href="Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a>; <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> in 2015 for the <a href="Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> <a href="Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>; and <a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a> in 2024 for the <a href="Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a> <a href="Mixed_reality_headset" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed reality headset">mixed reality headset</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classic_Mac_OS">Classic Mac OS</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> is the original Macintosh operating system introduced in 1984 alongside the <a href="Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">first Macintosh</a> and remained in primary use on Macs until <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strategy_83_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategy_83-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Apple released the <a href="Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">original Macintosh</a> on January 24, 1984; its <a href="System_1" title="System 1">early system software</a> is partially based on <a href="Lisa_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa OS">Lisa OS</a>, and inspired by the <a href="Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Alto</a> computer, which former Apple CEO <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> previewed at <a href="PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appleconfidential2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleconfidential2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally named "System Software", or simply "System"; Apple rebranded it as "Mac OS" in 1996 due in part to its <a href="Macintosh_clone" title="Macintosh clone">Macintosh clone</a> program that ended one year later.<sup id="cite_ref-endofclones_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endofclones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Classic Mac OS is characterized by its <a href="Monolithic_system" title="Monolithic system">monolithic</a> design. Initial versions of the System Software run one application at a time. System 5 introduced <a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a>. System 7 supports <a href="32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="Memory_address" title="Memory address">memory addressing</a> and <a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>, allowing larger programs. Later updates to the System 7 enable the transition to the <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture. The system was considered <a href="Usability" title="Usability">user-friendly</a>, but its architectural limitations were critiqued, such as limited <a href="Classic_Mac_OS_memory_management" title="Classic Mac OS memory management">memory management</a>, lack of <a href="Protected_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected memory">protected memory</a> and <a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">access controls</a>, and susceptibility to conflicts among <a href="Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">extensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MeaCulpa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeaCulpa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Releases">Releases</h3></div>

<p>Nine major versions of the classic Mac OS were released. The name "Classic" that now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to <a href="List_of_macOS_components" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">a compatibility layer</a> that helped ease the transition to <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="System_1" title="System 1">Macintosh System Software</a> – "System 1", released in 1984</li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">System Software 2, 3, and 4</a> – released between 1985 and 1987</li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System Software 5</a> – released in 1987</li>

<li><a href="System_6" title="System 6">System Software 6</a> – released in 1988</li>

<li><a href="System_7" title="System 7">System 7 / Mac OS 7.6</a> – released in 1991</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a> – released in 1997</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a> – final major version, released in 1999</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mac_OS_X,_OS_X,_and_macOS">Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div>

<p>The system was launched as Mac OS X, renamed OS X from 2012—2016,<sup id="cite_ref-ten_not_x_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten_not_x-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then renamed <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> as the current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic Mac OS in 2001.

</p><p>The system was originally marketed as simply "version 10" of Mac OS, but it has <a href="History_of_macOS" class="mw-redirect" title="History of macOS">a history that is largely independent</a> of the classic Mac OS. It is a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based operating system<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sierra_unix_cert_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sierra_unix_cert-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built on <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> and other <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> technology from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company and its CEO <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> returned to Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-apple-acquisition_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-acquisition-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precursors to Mac OS X include <a href="OPENSTEP" class="mw-redirect" title="OPENSTEP">OPENSTEP</a>, Apple's <a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a> project, and the <a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a>.

</p><p>macOS is based on Apple's <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin operating system</a>, which is based on the <a href="XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> kernel and <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OS_X_also_makes_use_of_the_BSD_code_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS_X_also_makes_use_of_the_BSD_code-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>macOS is the basis for some of Apple's other operating systems, including <a href="IPhone_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone OS">iPhone OS</a>/<a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, <a href="TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>, and <a href="Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">visionOS</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Releases_2">Releases</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desktop">Desktop</h4></div>

<p>The first version of the system was released on March 24, 2001, supporting the <a href="Aqua_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua user interface">Aqua user interface</a>. Since then, several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released. Since 2011, new releases have been offered annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> – codenamed "Cheetah", released Saturday, March 24, 2001</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Mac OS X 10.1</a> – codenamed "Puma", released Tuesday, September 25, 2001</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Mac OS X Jaguar</a> – version 10.2, released Friday, August 23, 2002</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X Panther</a> – version 10.3, released Friday, October 24, 2003</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a> – version 10.4, released Friday, April 29, 2005</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X Leopard</a> – version 10.5, released Friday, October 26, 2007</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X Snow Leopard</a> – version 10.6, publicly unveiled on Monday, June 8, 2009</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">Mac OS X Lion</a> – version 10.7, released Wednesday, July 20, 2011</li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a> – version 10.8, released Wednesday, July 25, 2012</li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a> – version 10.9, released Tuesday, October 22, 2013</li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X Yosemite</a> – version 10.10, released Thursday, October 16, 2014</li>

<li><a href="OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a> – version 10.11, released Wednesday, September 30, 2015</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS Sierra</a> – version 10.12, released Tuesday, September 20, 2016</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a> – version 10.13, released Monday, September 25, 2017</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS Mojave</a> – version 10.14, released Monday, September 24, 2018</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS Catalina</a> – version 10.15, released Monday, October 7, 2019</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a> – version 11, released Thursday, November 12, 2020</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS Monterey</a> – version 12, released Monday, October 25, 2021</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS Ventura</a> – version 13, released Monday, October 24, 2022</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS Sonoma</a> - version 14, released Tuesday, September 26, 2023</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a> - version 15, released Monday, September 16, 2024</li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Tahoe" title="MacOS Tahoe">macOS Tahoe</a> - version 26, announced Monday, June 9, 2025 and set to release sometime in late 2025</li></ul>

<p>macOS 10.16's version number was updated to 11.0 in the third beta. The third beta version of macOS Big Sur is 11.0 Beta 3 instead of 10.16 Beta 3.

</p><p>macOS 26's version number is based on the year following the year in which it will first be released, as is the case for all Apple operating systems released in 2025.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Server">Server</h4></div>

<p>An early <a href="Server_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Server computing">server computing</a> version of the system was released in 1999 as a technology preview. It was followed by several more official server-based releases. Server functionality has instead been offered as an add-on for the desktop system since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> – code named "Hera", released in 1999</li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X Server</a> – later called "OS X Server" and "macOS Server", released between 2001 and 2022.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_projects">Other projects</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipped">Shipped</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></div>

<p>The <a href="A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">Apple Real-time Operating System Environment</a> (A/ROSE) is a small <a href="Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">embedded operating system</a> which runs on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a> for the Macintosh. It is a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which third-party vendors build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a <a href="NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a>-based <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a>. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></div>

<p>In 1988, Apple released its first <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a>-based OS, <a href="A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a>, which is a UNIX operating system with the Mac OS <a href="Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a>. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded UNIX market and Macintosh hardware lacking high-end design features present on <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a>-class computers. Most of its sales was to the <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a>, where MacOS lacks <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">Macintosh Application Environment</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">Macintosh Application Environment</a> (MAE) is a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allows certain <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based computer workstations to run Macintosh applications. MAE uses the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> to emulate a <a href="Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Macintosh Finder</a>-style graphical user interface. The last version, MAE 3.0, is compatible with <a href="System_7.5.3" class="mw-redirect" title="System 7.5.3">System 7.5.3</a>. MAE was published for <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation</a> and <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MkLinux">MkLinux</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></div>

<p>Announced at the 1996 <a href="Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">Worldwide Developers Conference</a> (WWDC), <a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a> is an <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> operating system that was started by the <a href="OSF_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="OSF Research Institute">OSF Research Institute</a> and Apple in February 1996 to port <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to the <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> platform, and thus Macintosh computers. In mid 1998, the community-led MkLinux Developers Association took over development of the operating system. MkLinux is short for "Microkernel Linux", which refers to its adaptation of the monolithic <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> to run as a server hosted atop the <a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach microkernel</a> version 3.0.<sup id="cite_ref-LinuxonOSFMach3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxonOSFMach3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancelled_projects">Cancelled projects</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a> (as in "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before") was a secret prototype beginning in 1992, to port the classic Mac OS to <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-compatible <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> personal computers. In partnership with Apple and with support from Intel, the project was instigated by <a href="Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, which was looking to integrate its <a href="DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> with the Mac OS GUI as a mutual response to the monopoly of <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> and MS-DOS. A team consisting of four from Apple and four from Novell was got the <a href="Macintosh_Finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh Finder">Macintosh Finder</a> and some basic applications such as <a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a>, running smoothly. The project was canceled one year later in early 1993, but was partially reused when porting the Mac OS to <a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Trek_LEM_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Trek_LEM-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AppleConfidential_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleConfidential-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taligent">Taligent</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></div>

<p><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> (a <a href="Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "talent" and "intelligent") is an <a href="Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">object-oriented operating system</a> and the company producing it. Started as the Pink project within Apple to provide a replacement for the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, it was later spun off into a joint venture with <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> as part of the <a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>, with the purpose of building a competing platform to <a href="Microsoft_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Cairo">Microsoft Cairo</a> and <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>. The development process never worked, and has been cited as an example of a <a href="Death_march_(project_management)" title="Death march (project management)">project death march</a>. Apple pulled out of the project in 1995 before the code had been delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-surrender_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrender-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copland">Copland</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland (operating system)</a></div>

<p><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> was a project at Apple to create an updated version of the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>. It was to have introduced <a href="Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">protected memory</a>, <a href="Preemptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive multitasking">preemptive multitasking</a>, and new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software. They originally planned the follow-up release Gershwin to add <a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">multithreading</a> and other advanced features. New features were added more rapidly than they could be completed, and the completion date slipped into the future with no sign of a release. In 1996, Apple canceled the project outright and sought a suitable third-party replacement. Copland development ended in August 1996, and in December 1996, Apple announced that it was buying <a href="NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> for its <a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-PCWorld_Project_Failures_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCWorld_Project_Failures-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div>

<th>Timeline of Mac operating systems <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</th></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_graphical_user_interface" title="History of the graphical user interface">History of the graphical user interface</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of Mac software</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_04/coprocessor.html">"Inside the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform and A/ROSE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015082158/http://www.mactech.com/articles/develop/issue_04/coprocessor.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrabb1992" class="citation news cs1">Crabb, Don (August 10, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68">"Apple finally gets Unix right with A/UX 3.0"</a>. <i><a href="InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801194024/https://books.google.com/books?id=ElEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140124200012/http://www.aux-penelope.com/mae/index.htm">"MAE screenshots"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aux-penelope.com/mae/index.htm">the original</a> on January 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LinuxonOSFMach3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinuxonOSFMach3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarbou_des_PlacesStephenReynolds1996" class="citation web cs1">Barbou des Places, François; Stephen, Nick; Reynolds, Franklin D. (January 12, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bat8.inria.fr/~lang/hotlist/free/licence/fsf96/mklinux.html">"Linux on the OSF Mach3 microkernel"</a>. Grenoble and Cambridge: <a href="OSF_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="OSF Research Institute">OSF Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081545/http://bat8.inria.fr/~lang/hotlist/free/licence/fsf96/mklinux.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Star_Trek_LEM-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Star_Trek_LEM_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHormby2005" class="citation web cs1">Hormby, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowendmac.com/2014/star-trek-apples-first-mac-os-on-intel-project/">"Star Trek: Apple's First Mac OS on Intel Project"</a>. <i><a href="Low_End_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Low End Mac">Low End Mac</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004608/http://lowendmac.com/2014/star-trek-apples-first-mac-os-on-intel-project/">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AppleConfidential-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppleConfidential_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLinzmayer1999" class="citation book cs1">Linzmayer, Owen W. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia00linz"><i>Apple Confidential</i></a></span>. San Francisco, CA: <a href="No_Starch_Press" title="No Starch Press">No Starch Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781886411289</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/245921029">245921029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920220241/https://archive.org/details/appleconfidentia00linz">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-surrender-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surrender_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/03/microsoft_pink/">Apple surrenders the Pink (to Microsoft)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135433/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/03/microsoft_pink/">Archived</a> August 10, 2017, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>, October 3, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PCWorld_Project_Failures-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCWorld_Project_Failures_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWidman2008" class="citation web cs1">Widman, Jake (October 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html">"Lessons Learned: IT's Biggest Project Failures"</a>. <i><a href="PCWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="PCWorld">PCWorld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191809/http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Macintosh_operating_systems" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Macintosh operating systems">Macintosh operating systems</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a>

<li><a href="MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li>

<li><a href="System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li>

<li><a href="System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Core

<ul><li><a href="Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>

<li>Desktop

<ul><li>Mac OS X

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li>

<li>OS X

<ul><li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li>

<li><a href="OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>macOS

<ul><li><a href="MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Tahoe" title="MacOS Tahoe">26 Tahoe</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Shipped

<li><a href="AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li>

<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cancelled

<li><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li>

<li><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>iPhone OS

<li>iOS

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li>

<li><a href="WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li>

<li><a href="AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li>

<li><a href="BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classic_Mac_OS73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classic_Mac_OS73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">System 2, 3, and 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li>

<li><a href="System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li>

<li><a href="System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Chooser_(Mac_OS)" title="Chooser (Mac OS)">Chooser</a></li>

<li>Drive Setup</li>

<li><a href="DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="NuCalc" title="NuCalc">Graphing Calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">PictureViewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Open_Collaboration_Environment" title="Apple Open Collaboration Environment">PowerTalk</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_Browser" title="Network Browser">Network Browser</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrapbook_(Mac_OS)" title="Scrapbook (Mac OS)">Scrapbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li>

<li><a href="Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li>

<li><a href="SimpleText" title="SimpleText">SimpleText</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a></li>

<li><a href="MacsBug" title="MacsBug">MacsBug</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Programmer's_Workshop" title="Macintosh Programmer's Workshop">Macintosh Programmer's Workshop</a></li>

<li><a href="ResEdit" title="ResEdit">ResEdit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_(Mac_OS)" title="Alias (Mac OS)">Alias</a></li>

<li><a href="Appearance_Manager" title="Appearance Manager">Appearance Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li>

<li><a href="Balloon_help" title="Balloon help">Balloon help</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomb_(icon)" title="Bomb (icon)">Bomb error</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_key" title="Command key">Command key (⌘)</a></li>

<li><a href="System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">Control Panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_Strip" title="Control Strip">Control Strip</a></li>

<li><a href="Creator_code" title="Creator code">Creator code</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogcow" title="Dogcow">Dogcow</a></li>

<li><a href="Extension_(Mac_OS)" title="Extension (Mac OS)">Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">Hierarchical File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_(Mac_OS)" title="Label (Mac OS)">Labels</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Manager_(Mac_OS)" title="Manager (Mac OS)">Managers</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiFinder" title="MultiFinder">MultiFinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing_Services" title="Multiprocessing Services">Multiprocessing Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Option_key" title="Option key">Option key (⌥)</a></li>

<li><a href="OSType" class="mw-redirect" title="OSType">OSType</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">Resource fork</a></li>

<li><a href="Sosumi" title="Sosumi">Sosumi sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_startup" title="Macintosh startup">Startup sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="System_folder" title="System folder">System folder</a></li>

<li><a href="System_suitcase" title="System suitcase">System suitcase</a></li>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="macOS408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="macOS408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li>

<li><a href="MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li>

<li><a href="OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li>

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">